Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) include which of the following?

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) refer to the tasks that are essential for independent living and go beyond basic self-care, which is more focused on Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). IADLs typically include skills necessary for maintaining a household and managing day-to-day living.

Shopping and preparing meals are quintessential examples of IADLs, as they require planning, organization, and sometimes transportation. These activities are critical for sustaining oneself and ensuring nutritional needs are met, thus allowing an individual to live independently.

In contrast, bathing and grooming are considered Activities of Daily Living (ADLs), which involve personal hygiene and self-care. Physical exercise, while important for health and wellbeing, does not fall under either category of ADLs or IADLs; it's more of a lifestyle choice rather than a necessary task for day-to-day living. Medical appointments can also be considered part of healthcare management rather than an IADL since they are activities associated with seeking medical attention rather than managing personal living needs.